. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. CARYOPHYLLEAE 199 Visitors.— Herm. MuUer observed only Diptera — chiefly Syrphidae and Muscidae, together with some Empidae. 494. C. latifolium L. (Herm. Mailer,'Alpenblumen,'pp. 189-90.)—Hermann Miiller describes the flowers of this species as protandrous, though A. Schulz says that they are also homogamous. Even in the former case automatic self-pollination is possible (see Fig. 59). Dovrefjeld plants are autogamous and slightly protandrous; Warming once o
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. CARYOPHYLLEAE 199 Visitors.— Herm. MuUer observed only Diptera — chiefly Syrphidae and Muscidae, together with some Empidae. 494. C. latifolium L. (Herm. Mailer,'Alpenblumen,'pp. 189-90.)—Hermann Miiller describes the flowers of this species as protandrous, though A. Schulz says that they are also homogamous. Even in the former case automatic self-pollination is possible (see Fig. 59). Dovrefjeld plants are autogamous and slightly protandrous; Warming once observed slight protogyny. Kerner considers that the sticky calyx serves to protect the flowers against creeping animals. Besides hermaphrodite flowers, Schulz has observed female ones, distributed gynodioeciously, or more rarely gynomonoeciously. Visitors.—Herm. Miiller chiefly observed Diptera (8 species) in the Alps, where he also saw various bees (Halictoides), beetles (i), and Lepidoptera (4).. Fig. 5g. Cerastium laii/oUurjt^ L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Flower in the first (male) stage. B. Flower in the second (bi-sexual) stage (X 7}. C. Stamens and carpels of ^ (x 7). 495. C. alpinum L. (=C. lanatum Lam).—Besides the protandrous, ulti- mately homogamous hermaphrodite flowers described by Kerner (' Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. I, II, p. 355), F. Ludwig observed female ones in the Alps, distributed gynodioeciously. On the Dovrefjeld the flowers are at first protandrous, and self- pollination is not effected until the stigmas bend back so as to come into contact with the anthers (Lindman). According to Warming, the flowers are also pro- tandrous in Greenland and Spitzbergen, but to such a slight extent that homogamy and automatic self-pollination very soon obtain, sometimes even in the half- opened bud. As Warming in Greenland found the stigmas of the gynodioeciously or gynomonoeciously distributed female flowers covered with pollen, they must have been visited by ins
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