. The Botanical Class-Book and Flora of Pennsylvania. Fig. 132. Fruit-stalk, with a portion of the foliage of Jungermannia, magnifiesto show its entire cellular structure; a, one of the tubular spirally-marked c:ll*from the fruit; b, the spiral threads which result from its disruption. Fig. a, a stone upon which a Lichen (Permellia cen?persa) is growing; b,Cladonia coccinnea, bearing its fructification in rounded red mosses on the edges ofa raised cup. 271. The Order Lichenes (Lichens, Fig. 133,) form thehighest grade of this lower series. They consist of flat expan-sions, which are rath
. The Botanical Class-Book and Flora of Pennsylvania. Fig. 132. Fruit-stalk, with a portion of the foliage of Jungermannia, magnifiesto show its entire cellular structure; a, one of the tubular spirally-marked c:ll*from the fruit; b, the spiral threads which result from its disruption. Fig. a, a stone upon which a Lichen (Permellia cen?persa) is growing; b,Cladonia coccinnea, bearing its fructification in rounded red mosses on the edges ofa raised cup. 271. The Order Lichenes (Lichens, Fig. 133,) form thehighest grade of this lower series. They consist of flat expan-sions, which are rather crustaceous than foliaceous, growingon the bark of trees, on the surface of rocks, and on theground, to which they cling by their lower surface. TheH 8G TIIALL0PI1YTES. fructification is in cups, or shields (apothecia) resting onthe surface of the thallus, or more or less immersed in itssubsiance, or else ia powdery spots scattered over thj surface. 134. Fip. 134. Agaric us camp-strrp,Edible Mushrorm in its various stages; a, Asci,from the inerior of Spharia roselJa, containing FporuW highly minifixl. A Mould (Feunkillum glaucum); b, (Mujcr , both highly mag-nified. 272. The Order Fungi (Mushrooms, Moulds &c, , 134,) consists of parasitic flowerles-s plants, either livingupon and drawing their nourishment from living, though more,commonly from languishing, plants and animals, or else ap-propriate the organized matter of dead and decaying animaland vegetable bodies. Rust, Smut and Mildew, (Fig. 135,)are examples of the former, and Mushrooms, Puff balls, &c,of the latter. Finni (Fig. 134,) are entirely destitute cffoliage and green matter, (chlorophyll,) which appears to beessential to the formation of organic out nf inorganic 273. The Order Charace^e (Chara Family.) consists of afew aquatic plants, which have all the simplicity of the lowerAlgae, in cellular structure, being composed of sim
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