. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. CARYOPHYLLEAE 165 The colour of the corolla varies from pure white—as in males infested by Ustilago violacea—to bright violet and red violet. In Spitzbergen—as in Greenland—there are male and female flowers as well as hermaphrodite ones. On a clump of the plant containing the remains of several hundred female flowers of the preceding year, the above-named investigators only found two ripe seed-containing fruits. In their opinion the fact indicated the ineffe
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. CARYOPHYLLEAE 165 The colour of the corolla varies from pure white—as in males infested by Ustilago violacea—to bright violet and red violet. In Spitzbergen—as in Greenland—there are male and female flowers as well as hermaphrodite ones. On a clump of the plant containing the remains of several hundred female flowers of the preceding year, the above-named investigators only found two ripe seed-containing fruits. In their opinion the fact indicated the ineffectiveness of cross-pollination in Spitzbergen. The clumps of Silene acaulis often show very beautifully the effect of direct isolation on anthesis, for the southern half—exposed to the sun—presents a dense mass of expanded flowers while the northern half remains more or less in Fig. 50. 5//«w£ a<^«//j, (after Henm. Miiller). A. Flower half-way through the first (male) condi- tion. B. Smaller male flower at the end of anthesis. C. Female flower, seen from above. D. The same in section. E. Hermaphrodite flower at the end of the male stage. F. Pistil of the same flower. Visitors.—Herm. Miiller observed—in the Alps—numerous Lepidoptera— 28 Macro-lepidoptera, and 4 Micro-lepidoptera—as well as some bees, Muscidae, Syrphidae, and anther-eating beetles. Frey—in the same region—saw the moth Anarta melanopa Thunb., and in Switzerland the species Anarta nigrita Bsd. MacLeod observed 6 Lepidoptera, and 3 pollen-eating beetles in the Pyrenees. Lindman noticed a humble-bee on the DovreQeld, as did Ekstam in Nova Zemlia. Schneider (TromseMus. Aarsh., 1894) saw Bombus agrorum Z. and B. lapponicus L. in Arctic Norway. For Spitzbergen, Ekstam ('Blutenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen,' p. 24) records two cases of visits by small Dipterids, and one by a spider (!), which was doubtless hunting flies. 412. S. noctiilora L. (= Melandrium noctifloriim Fries).—The
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