Egypt: A 'Howling Dervish' from Maspero's 'History of Egypt'. Photo by Jean Pascal Sebah (1872-1947), c. 1900. The Rifāʿīyah, a fraternity of Muslim mystics (Ṣūfīs), once known in the West as 'Howling Dervishes', were found primarily in Egypt and Syria and in Turkey until outlawed in 1925. An offshoot of the Qādirīyah established in Basra, Iraq, by Aḥmad ar-Rifāʿī (d. 1187), the order preserved his stress on poverty, abstinence and self-mortification.

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Size: 3500px × 4955px
Photo credit: © Pictures From History / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No

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