. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. CARYOPHYLLEAE 187 pollination can take place early. There are usually only three stamens, more rarely five, four, or two. A green fleshy nectary is situated at the base of each stamen. At the beginning of anthesis, when the anthers are dehiscing, the styles with their incom- pletely developed stigmas are erect. The stamens, however, are so curved inwards as to bring the anthers immediately above the stigmas, so that when these are mature automatic self-polli
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. CARYOPHYLLEAE 187 pollination can take place early. There are usually only three stamens, more rarely five, four, or two. A green fleshy nectary is situated at the base of each stamen. At the beginning of anthesis, when the anthers are dehiscing, the styles with their incom- pletely developed stigmas are erect. The stamens, however, are so curved inwards as to bring the anthers immediately above the stigmas, so that when these are mature automatic self-pollination must result from the fall of pollen. It also often takes place in the closed flower. Dehisced stamens gradually incline outwards, and the stigmas spread out more and more. Warnstorf says that the outer stamens ripen earlier than the inner ones; their filaments are longer, and their bases are provided with yellow nectaries. The anthers are yellow, and after dehiscence undergo a rotation through 90°, so as to become horizontal. The pollen-grains are golden yellow, regularly dodecahedral, and closely beset with short spines; average diameter 37 Besides hermaphrodite flowers, female ones have also been observed, distributed gynodioeciously, or more rarely gynomonoeciously. The ordinary flowers are locally—e. g. in Denmark— homogamous, or even pro- togynous. Visitors. — Herm. Miiller observed a Muscid— Anthomyia sp. 5 — and 3 bees, i. e. Andrena gwynana A". 5, skg.; A. parvula K. 5, skg.; and Halictus sp. $, skg. 136. Stellaria L. Flowers white, protan- drous, homogamous, or pro- togynous, with half-con- cealed nectar secreted at the bases of the stamens. 467. S. graminea L. (Herm. Miiller, ' Fertilisa- tion,' pp. 133-4, ' Weit. Beob.,' II, p. 227; Knuth, ' Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 45, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen'; Kirchner,'Flora ,' ; Ludwig, Bot. Centralbl., Cassel, iii, 1880; Schulz,' Beitrage,' I, p. 20, II, pp. 50-1.)—In
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