Saint Andrew, apostle and martyr, crucified on an X-shaped cross, AD. Beaten with cudgels and metal hooks by men in the tunics of the Slavs, 12th century. MS 637, Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal. Le martyre de Saint Andre, Slave, XIIe siecle. Chromolithograph by Franz Kellerhoven after Claudius Joseph Ciappori from Charles Louandre’s Les Arts Somptuaires, The Sumptuary Arts, Hangard-Mauge, Paris, 1858.

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