Turkey: 'Western Hemisphere Within a Windrose'. Folio from an Ottoman navigation guide by Piri Reis (c. 1470-1554), early 17th century. Piri Reis (full name Haji Ahmed Muhiddin Piri; Reis was a Turkish military rank equivalent to that of captain) was an Ottoman admiral, geographer and cartographer. He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-i Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book which contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts (for its time) describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Photo credit: © Pictures From History / Alamy / Afripics
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