papuans Humboldt Bay new guinea alarmed steam launch Challenger Expedition scientific expedition
Challenger Expedition of 1872-76 was a scientific expedition that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. Prompted by the Scot, Charles Wyville Thomson—of the University of Edinburgh and Merchiston Castle School—the Royal Society of London obtained the use of a ship, HMS Challenger, from the Royal Navy and in 1872 modified it for scientific work, equipping it with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry. The ship, commanded by Captain George Nares, sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 21 December 1872. Under the scientific supervision of Thomson himself it travelled nearly 70,000 nautical miles surveying and exploring. The result was the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of Challenger during the years 1873-76 which, among many other discoveries, catalogued over 4,000 previously unknown species. John Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as "the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries". Challenger returned to Spithead, Hampshire on 24 May 1876, having spent 713 days at sea out of the intervening 1,606. On its 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) journey, it had conducted 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls, 263 serial water temperature observations, and discovered about 4717 new species of marine life. Copies of the written records of the Challenger Expedition are now stored in several marine institutions around the UK including the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton and the Dove Marine Laboratory in Cullercoats, Tyne and Wear.
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