Egypt: The Edwin Smith Papyrus, believed to be the world's oldest known extant surgical document, c. 1600 BCE. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written in hieratic script in ancient Egypt. The text describes anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of 48 types of medical problems in intense detail. Plates 6 and 7 of the papyrus, pictured here, discuss facial trauma.

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