. Elements of ecology. Ecology. Abrasive Action of Medium 55 growing buds. These effects, augmented by excessive evaporation on the windward side, often produce extremely asymmetrical growth. "Flag-form" trees with the upper branches restricted to one side of the trunk are commonly found on exposed mountain ridges. Groves of trees in windy lowlands are often similarly wind-trained, the more protected individuals growing many times higher than those on the exposed side. The outline of such a grove presents a smoothly rising contour (Fig. ). Along the sea coast the harmful action o
. Elements of ecology. Ecology. Abrasive Action of Medium 55 growing buds. These effects, augmented by excessive evaporation on the windward side, often produce extremely asymmetrical growth. "Flag-form" trees with the upper branches restricted to one side of the trunk are commonly found on exposed mountain ridges. Groves of trees in windy lowlands are often similarly wind-trained, the more protected individuals growing many times higher than those on the exposed side. The outline of such a grove presents a smoothly rising contour (Fig. ). Along the sea coast the harmful action of salt. Fig. Live oaks on wind-swept shore at Morehead City, N. C. Wind action has stunted the trees on the side of the grove at the left. spray is added to the other effects of the wind in progressively re- stricting growth toward the exposed beach and in causing a zonation of the species present (Costing and Billings, 1942). At high eleva- tions in the mountains low temperatures act with the severe winds to produce the familiar dwarfing and gnarling of the vegetation. The combined effect of these ecological factors often limits the growth of trees to a sprawling mat only a few centimeters high near the summit, whereas in the protected valleys trees of the same species grow to heights of over 15 m. In the water medium abrasive action is an even more serious in- fluence with which the organisms must contend. Only strongly at-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Clarke, George L. (George Leonard), 1905-. New York, Wiley
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookpublishernewyorkwiley, booksubjectecology
