Barons revolt against Edward I, 1297
Illustration from a special edition history of England published in 1903. Info from wiki: The Remonstrances were a set of complaints presented by a group of nobles in 1297, against the government of King Edward I of England. Foremost among the nobles were Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, Marshal of England, and Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Constable of England. The complaints had their background in the heavy burden of taxation caused by King Edward's extensive warfare in the mid-1290s.[2] In 1297 Edward was planning a campaign to protect his possessions in Flanders. Both Bohun and Bigod refused to serve in the campaign, claiming it was unclear where the expedition was going. Bigod argued in parliament that the earls' military obligation only extended to service alongside the king; if the king intended to sail to Flanders, he could not send his subjects to Gascony.[4] The king nevertheless went on with the planned campaign, and demanded a grant of taxation from his subjects. This became the opposition's main grievance, since they claimed the tax was not raised in the proper manner. Rather than seeking the consent of the community of the realm in parliament, the king had been granted the tax by a small number of his closest supporters.[5] As the king was on the coast preparing for the expedition, Bigod and Bohun turned up at the Exchequer demanding a stop to the collection of the tax, and at the same time presented the Remonstrances.[6] The document was drawn up not only as a complaint by the two earls, but on behalf of the entire community of the nation.[1] It claimed that the king had driven his subjects to poverty by excessive taxes. Objections against the planned campaign in Flanders were raised, as well as the king's failure to uphold the Magna Carta.[7] As a sign of good will, the king signed the Confirmatio cartarum – a confirmation of Magna Carta
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Photo credit: © Historical Images Archive / Alamy / Afripics
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